Truth is found neither in the thesis nor the antithesis, but in an emergent synthesis which reconciles the two.Innumerable sites on the net attribute this to Hegel but not a single one can give an original source citation for the quote so I can look it up for myself in his published works or letters. I myself own the complete works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and have never once come across Hegel saying anything of the sort.
I fully agree with Frederick Beiser, one of the major Hegel scholars of our time, when he writes:
Although it is possible to talk about a dialectic, it is advisable to avoid the most popular way of explaining it: in terms of the schema 'thesis-antithesis-synthesis'. Hegel himself never used this terminology, and he criticized the use of all schemata. In the Phenomenology Hegel did praise 'the triadic form' that had been rediscovered by Kant, describing it even as 'the concept of science' (PG 41/¶50); but this is a reference to the triadic form of Kant's table of categories, not a method of thesis-antithesis-synthesis. Although Kant's antinomies were the inspiration for Hegel's dialectic, Hegel never used Kant's method of exposition of thesis and antithesis. It has been said that this method was used by Fichte and Schelling, and then by extension wrongly attributed to Hegel; but it corresponds to nothing in Fichte or Schelling, let alone Hegel.
Frederick Beiser: Hegel (Published by Routledge)
As a complete beginner a good twenty years ago, I originally read Hegel in this manner, but the more I read Hegel, the more I felt that this simple thesis-antithesis-synthesis formula misrepresented him. Well before Beiser published any book on Hegel, I had come to the same conclusion as he had and found myself fully nodding in agreement with him.
Unfortunately, in the current iteration of the Wikipedia entry on Hegel this extremely reductionistic thesis-antithesis-synthesis line is pushed extremely hard according to a dogmatic Marxist interpretation of Hegel. Previous versions of the Wiki entry on Hegel were not this bad, so there are obviously "editing wars" going on there. However, as Beiser says, you never actually find Hegel using the terms thesis-antithesis-synthesis—not even once. I searched through an eBook edition of the full text of the Phenomenology in German and I could find nothing of much note searching for the terms: thesis, antithesis, synthesis, these, antithese, synthese (entering "synthes" also brings up "synthesieren", "synthesiert" etc). The only exception was this:
Der Herr ist das für sich seiende Bewußtsein, aber nicht mehr nur der Begriff desselben, sondern für sich seiendes Bewußtsein, welches durch ein anderes Bewußtsein mit sich vermittelt ist, nämlich durch ein solches, zu dessen Wesen es gehört, daß es mit selbstständigem Sein oder der Dingheit überhaupt synthesiert ist. Phänomenologie: Kapitel 22.
The Master is consciousness as being-for-itself, but not merely the concept of it, but for consciousness as being-for-itself, which is mediated by another consciousness, namely by such, to whose essence it belongs, such that it is synthesised from self-subsistent Being or from substantiality in general. Chapter 22 (my own translation)
As you can see, the wording contains nothing in it about the supposed dialectical movement of thesis-antithesis-synthesis.
I do not wish to sound too dismissive of Marx, but even post-Marxists who knew their Hegel well, such as Theodor Adorno, never talk about this thesis-antithesis-synthesis formula. I have no idea why a complex and rich thinker such as Hegel has to be reduced down to such a mindless simplistic dogma for mass consumption.
As a result, unless the source citation for the statement "truth is found neither in the thesis nor the antithesis, but in an emergent synthesis which reconciles the two" can be found and Hegel's original German version of this quote located in his writings, I am inclined to conclude that this quotation is a misattribution.
I think it went out of favor for a few years but seem to be edging its way back in again. The man should have tried writing clearer, rather than like mystic with tenure. That would have easily resolved this matter of interpretation.
ReplyDeleteI have, on this blog, had chance to write my own translations of selections from both Hegel as well as Wagner's theoretical treatises. I would say that Hegel seems crystal clear and real pleasure to translate compared to Wagner. It's one of the main reasons that Wagner is so severely misunderstood today. It will take years to wipe away the layers of misunderstanding.
DeleteUnfortunately, Wagner's writing style is probably influenced by Hegel via the Young Hegelian, Feuerbach. As Carl Dahlhaus points out, even the term "absolute music"—one originally coined by Wagner—is a reference to the concept of "das Absolut" in Hegel.
I was being a tad facetious :). To be honest, I have not read Hegel in years. I tried to just gain enough to get a broad understanding of his thought due to his influence on others who influence me more. You might find the following interesting though - its only £9 as a kinkle book from Amazon: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Hegels-Undiscovered-Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis-Dialectics-Understood/dp/1616146427 Now, I am going to be klate for work. Later my friend
DeleteThe author of that book is an economist! His previous books include "Kubrick's 2001: A Triple Allegory". Hmmm! He then claims to be the only one to have understood Hegel since the publication of the Phenomenology in 1807. LOL! Even he admits to flying in the face of just about every major Hegel interpreter in the last 70 years of so. So either he is a genius or a fool.
DeleteI downloaded that book and took a flick through it. It seems like a space odyssey to me. Here is one groaner (the aside that the author inserts in squared parentheses):
' Beiser elaborates: "Schelling and Hegel...insist that their metaphysics has nothing to do with the supernatural [in which case Beiser shouldn't call it metaphysics]. '
It all seemed to me like an amateur rant...This statement made me burst out laughing:
"In Hegel's widely misinterpreted master-and-slave parable, the master is God, the slave is man, and the slave's gaining his freedom is man's becoming an atheist."
Is this a joke?
This also made me cringe:
"The initial Yes, theism, finds man potentially united with God. The union is only potential because man worships the wrong God, the God of theism. This stage is the dialectic's thesis: Yes to God + Yes to supernaturalism (also: potential + union).
The No, the antithesis of Yes, is atheism: man rejects the God of theism. Man is now actually separated from God: he has gone from potential union to actual separation. He is now in a state of self-estrangement. He sees other humans, but he is unaware that they are himself, God—because all humans are God. The human (finite) is estranged from humanity (infinite). This stage is the antithesis: No to God + No to supernaturalism (also: actual + separation).
Finally, man sees the light, the second Yes of Yes-No-Yes. He realizes that he himself is God: humanity is God, and he is a particular representative of humanity. The other humans he sees are himself, because he and they are both humanity. This stage is the synthesis: Yes to God + No to supernaturalism"
It's actually not far wrong, but just overly simplistic to reduce Hegel down to a formulaic "step 1-2-3". Hegel for dummies in 3 idiotic steps. In actual fact, the "third" step is also a return to the first step, though nothing so childishly simplistic as that Step 2 is ever enunciated in Hegel. His assertions about supernaturalism in Hegel border on the comical.
I think that Heraclitus summaries Hegel better: "the way up and the way down are one and the same". The thesis and antithesis are moments of the whole. Dissonance is necessary to consonance. The richness and complexity of the way Hegel interrogates the way paradox permeates truth cannot be reduced down to such lame formulae in three easy steps.
Definitely beginning to think that this guy is a nutter. A summary on his 2001 Space Odyssey book (in which Wheat claims to decode Kubrick in the same way he decodes Hegel):
DeleteLeonard Wheat's Kubrick's 2001: A Triple Allegory reveals that Kubrick did know the answers. Far from being what it seems to be—a chilling story about space travel—2001 is actually an allegory, hidden by symbols. It is, in fact, a triple allegory, something unprecedented in film or literature. Three allegories—an Odysseus (Homer) allegory, a man-machine symbiosis (Arthur Clarke) allegory, and a Zarathustra (Nietzsche) allegory—are simultaneously concealed and revealed by well over 200 highly imaginative and sometimes devilishly clever symbols. Wheat "decodes" each allegory in rich detail, revealing the symbolism in numerous characters, sequences, and scenes. In bringing Kubrick's secrets to light, Wheat builds a powerful case for his assertion that 2001 is the "grandest motion picture ever filmed."
I thought you might enjoy it :)
DeleteHowever, if you are looking for a Hegel book that is a little "different" but also thoughtful and researched, you might want to have a look at the following. And you get some of Wagner's beloved "christian mystics" thrown in for free. A sold preview is available here: http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pZLe1N0OVSsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
DeleteAuthor's "bio" is here: http://www.liu.edu/CWPost/Academics/Faculty/Faculty/M/Glenn-Alexander-Magee
Oh. One other thing, that quote: "Truth is found neither in the thesis nor the antithesis, but in an emergent synthesis which reconciles the two" Its not Hegel but Martin Luther King simplifying Hegel in one of his sermons. I don't believe it existed before and might explain why it is so "popular".
DeleteSetting it in its full context, it may make more sense, especially in 1963 when it was written:
"The strong man holds in a living blend strongly marked opposites. The idealists are usually not realistic, and the realists are not usually idealistic. The militant are not generally known to be passive, nor the passive to be militant. Seldom are the humble self-assertive, or the self-assertive humble. But life at its best is a creative synthesis of opposites in fruitful harmony. The philosopher Hegel said that truth is found neither in the thesis nor the antithesis, but in the emergent synthesis which reconciles the two.
Jesus recognized the need for blending opposites. He knew that his disciples would face a difficult and hostile world, where they would confront the recalcitrance of political officials and the intransigence of the protectors of the old order. He knew that they would meet cold and arrogant men whose hearts had been hardened by the long winter of traditionalism. … And he gave them a formula for action, “Be ye therefore as wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.” … We must combine the toughness of the serpent with the softness of the dove, a tough mind and a tender heart."
You can see that he clearly is not meant to quoting Hegel but rather "using Hegel" when in discussion with none philosophers. And remember, King had read Marx extensively. .
Just starting out The philosophy of Hegel and Kant. I'm doing this to sort of re-program or re-evaluate 28yrs of TV and video games. What I want out of this is not the ideas of philospy but rather to get inside of a mind that wasnt influenced by tv. My reason sounds odd even after re-reading but I'm gonna go with it any way. Any advice, anecdotes, or nuggets of information?
ReplyDeleteThat sounds like the name of a paper. I hope you are enrolled in a course, because I couldn't imagine switching the TV off and picking up the Critique of Pure Reason or the Phenomenology. This is the deep end of continental philosophy, though it's where the money is, if you stick at it....if!
DeleteMy suggestion is to find like company. Are there student groups/clubs with a similar interest? If not look on Meetup to see if there are groups interested in chatting about philosophy over dinner and drinks like Plato and Aristotle used to do. Enjoy yourself. It's the journey counts. It's been a couple of decades since I formally studied Kant and Hegel but I am still learning.
It's funny that there was a guy who found his way to this specific post about Hegel as a way to unplug from TV and Videogames, when here I am a little over a decade later specifically because of a videogame. I'm here tracking down a source quote from GoPro Akechi in Persona 5, only to find that there was no Hegel quote to paraphrase at all.
DeleteThis was a fascinating read, so thank you very much for your expertise, and for sharing your knowledge.